TCP/IP architecture model

1. Network interface(Data link) layer
2. Network layer
3. Transport layer
4. Application layer

Network Interface Layer
The lowest layer of the TCP / IP. Its mission is to provide access to the physical transmission medium, and it differs depending on the application of the average.

Network Layer
The network layer provides network addressing, routing and transmission of datagrams. are protocols that interest on the DHCP are IP and ARP.

IP protocol
It is the fundamental protocol of the network layer, and in general the Internet as a whole. It sends datagrams, the independent units that contain information about the destination, are the source and sequence number of the datagram. The sequence number is used to reconstruct the message because the delivery of datagrams can not the same as their order in the message and delivery reliability is not guaranteed for all.

IP protocol versions:

“  IP v4 – 32 bit addresses. Provides approximately 4 billion unique addresses which aren’t sufficient at present times.

“  IP v6 – 128 bit addresses. The transition to v6 will bring (is bringing) higher security, QoS, packet segmentation and many more IP addresses. (the transition from IP v4 to IP v6 must be supported by the system provider)

ARP protocol
The ARP abbreviation stands for Address Resolution Protocol. This protocol is used to find the physical address (MAC) based on a known IP address. If required ARP sends information concerning the wanted address to all the stations in the network – Broadcast. The stations consequently answer with a message containing their MAC. If the wanted device/station is outside the node/segment, the appropriate router will answer instead of it.

Transport layer
The transport layer is implemented only in terminal devices and it adjusts the behavior of the network according to the requirements of the device/application.

Application layer
The application layer is composed of programs that use net services to fulfill the needs of users. Examples of specific protocols are for instance FTP, DNS and DHCP.

Application protocols use TCP, UDP or both services at the same time. So called ports are used to differentiate between application protocols, they represent a type of label of the application. It is possible to change the ports in the settings of the service, but each service has a default port that isn’t changed for most services and is used as an unwritten standard.

“  FTP = 21

“  DNS = 53

“  DHCP = 67 + 68

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